Most of us believe that humans are different than other animals. We know that fish are different than birds, which are different from reptiles. There are distinctions between these animal groups, which is why we can call some creatures "Swordfish" and other creatures "Robins" and not be confused about which is which.
Animals can do some amazing things that we can’t do. Breath underwater, fly, use echolocation, migrate long distances to someplace they have never been before without getting lost, jump several times their height, smell all sorts of odors we can’t. We could go on and on. At the same time, certain abilities cross over classes. Birds and bats (mammals) fly. Fish, mammals and birds swim. Insects and reptiles and mammals can jump. Certain abilities are found in multiple kinds of quite different animals.
Humans have always wanted to claim we have particular abilities which are unique to humans. What would those abilities be? What makes us uniquely different than other animal?
Tool making?
Language?
Culture?
Learning?
Morality?
Well,i the interesting news is that scientists can find examples of all these traits in animals. These abilities, just like the ability to swim or fly, cross over classes.
Some would claim that the differences between animals and humans are of degree and not kind. Other animals make and use tools but human made tools are much more complex than anything any other animal makes. Animals communicate but none have the complexity of human language and certainly none (that we know of) have a written form of language. A wolf pack might enforce ideals of right and wrong behavior but the level of sophistication of human morality is far beyond any animal moral code. For some, what makes us distinct is the complexity of our language, culture, tools, morality, etc. But is complexity enough to claim distinction?
Are there qualities that humans have that no other animals have?
I'm not sure that we ought to expect science to illuminate what makes us uniquely human. Based on all that we have learned, even just the past 20 years, it seems the trend in science may well be to blur the distinction between humans and other animals. We may not be as biologically unique as we think we are. Which suggests that we ought to look somewhere else in our search of the location of our unique status in the world.
Additionally ethologists are discovering forms of culture and morality in animals, so the answer may not lie there either.
I want to suggest that our human distinctiveness is found in our relationship with God, and specifically our vocation given from God. I would be very reluctant to hold the position that humans are the only living creatures with a relationship with God. At best, all I can say is I don’t know. It is certainly not beyond the abilities of God to be in relationship with other animals.
What I would claim is that we humans have been given a particular vocation by God and this is what makes us unique and human. Humans are given responsibility for creation. We named the other creatures( Gen 2:19-20). We are charged to till and keep (Gen 2:15). I think it is our calling which makes us unique. As those who bear the image of God, we are called to care for the earth as God cares for it. This calling appears to be ours alone. Other creatures don't have this responsibility and this power. We can nurture or we can destroy. Godlike power has been given to us.
Would we act differently if we understood our humanity to mean responsibility for the planet? Would we act differently if we believed that to be created in the image of God meant we ought to care for creation in the same way God cares for us? Would we act differently if we stopped thinking we were the best and smartest creature, the reason the world exists and began thinking we were here to serve and protect and nurture others?
I wonder. What do you think?
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This topic, what it means to be human and the ways humans, animals and God interact has been an interest of mine for a long time. If you are interested, I have written more about this on my blog, www.conversationinfaith.wordpress.com. Probably the best way to find the posts is to look under the categories "animals" and "human". Here is the first post on this topic.
3 comments:
We have named the creatures with words in human languages; we do not know if the chimps and porpoises and whales have their own names for everything.
If they do, we probably don't want to know what they call us.
@ Anonymous: Prairie dogs have specific 'words' for various kinds of threats, actually. They have particular calls for a predatory bird, for example, in contrast to a human being. They also have slightly different calls, if we listen and analyze closely, for particular people.
@ Nancy: I think the idea that humans are special, set apart, does far more damage than good. It only lets us objectify the things around us, and it reinforces other damaging ideas, such as one gender being set apart and superior, or one race, etc.
I prefer the blurring of distinctions between human and non-human life, personally. For all we know, God speaks through ant colonies and dolphins have rich spiritual lives. The differences are differences of degree, not of kind.
Insofar as we have a vocation - care for the earth - that vocation is best served by being reminded that we are nothing special. We are one more creature - set apart primarily by the tremendous amount of destruction we are capable of.
I really enjoy your posts. We have a group in our church called "Science and Spirit" that discusses the questions with which you articulate here.
I wonder if abstract language is the more basic thing that humans have evolved? We can conceive, create (if you like) the concept of "God" like we can "love" or "freedom".
On the larger scope, if I allow "God" to be a reality beyond my language, I wonder if my fellow more than human Earthlings are more connected to "God" than I. They appear to be more at home in their own skins and scales than I am!
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